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Roseola (roseola infantum or sixth disease)
Roseola is a common viral illness affecting babies and young children, usually between six months and three years of age. Approximately 90% of children will have been infected with roseola by the age of two years but only about 35% of children will have developed the illness as a result.
Also known as Roseola Infantum or sixth disease, Roseola is usually a mild illness causing fever and skin rash. Treatment normally involves relieving symptoms while the illness runs its course.
Transmission and Incubation Period
The majority of cases of roseola (about 85%) are caused by a virus called Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). This virus is in the same family as the viruses that cause cold sores and chicken pox.
Once infection with the virus has occurred, the incubation period (the time until symptoms appear) is between five and 15 days. It is not known exactly how long a person is contagious for once they have been infected with the virus.
Roseola is spread from person to person in respiratory fluids and saliva, or by direct contact with infected persons or items. It is commonly spread by coughing and sneezing.
Signs and Symptoms
The first symptom of roseola is typically a high fever (up to 40ºC). The fever lasts for between three and five days. Often this is the only noticeable symptom, however some children may have a slightly reddened throat or a slightly runny nose. They may also be tired and irritable.
After about five days, the fever starts to subside and a rash appears on the body. The rash usually starts on the chest, back and abdomen, then spreads to the arms and neck. It usually has flat pink spots or patches, though these may occasionally be raised. The rash lasts about three days, and then fades.
Diagnosis
Usually a diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, and by ruling out other causes for the symptoms. A blood test can confirm the diagnosis but this is not done routinely when roseola is suspected.
Treatment
Most cases of roseola require only supportive treatment. As the condition is caused by a virus, antibiotics will be of no benefit in combating it.
Supportive treatment includes:
- Paracetamol to relieve fever.
- Rest.
- Tepid baths for high temperature.
- Adequate fluid intake.
Complications
Roseola does not usually cause complications. However, some infants may experience seizures (febrile convulsions) if their temperature becomes very high. In rare instances the illness can cause swelling of the lymph nodes, liver and spleen. Very rarely, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) can occur.
Further Information and Support
For further information and support about roseola contact your GP, practice nurse, or:
The Royal New Zealand Plunket Society - PlunketLine
Freephone: 0800 933 922
Healthline
Freephone: 0800 611 116
References
Anderson, K.N., Anderson, L.E. & Glanze, W.D. (eds.) (2006) Mosby’s medical, nursing, & allied health dictionary (6th ed.) St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
Carson De-Witt, R. (2006) Roseola. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Third Edition. Jacqueline L. Longe, Editor. Farmington Hills, MI. Thompson Gale.
Ngan, V. (2006) Roseola. Hamilton: New Zealand Dermatological Society –
http://dermnetnz.org/viral/roseola.html
Last Reviewed – 24/09/07